Surface and Underground Water Level Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Node with Energy Harvesting Support

In this paper development and testing of a wireless sensor node that is powered by solar energy harvesting is described. Implemented wireless sensor node is characterized by low cost and consumption, long mean time between maintenance, simplicity, flexibility, modularity and miniature design in applications for monitoring of environmental parameters. As a replacement for relatively expensive battery supply and in order to minimize maintenance costs, energy harvesting solution that uses a miniature solar panel and supercapacitor is tested. This node is used for measurements of water levels of surface and underground waters for application in agriculture. For this purpose the node is expanded with a capacitive sensor for measurement of water levels, which is particularly discussed in this paper as simple and innovative solution

Soliton Waves in Lossy Nonlinear Transmission Lines at Microwave Frequencies: Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Studies

In this paper, we performed analytical, numerical and experimental studies on the generation of soliton waves in discrete nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL) with varactors, as well as the analysis of the losses impact on the propagation of these waves. Using the reductive perturbation method, we derived a nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with a loss term and determined an analytical expression that completely describes the bright soliton profile. Our theoretical analysis predicts the carrier wave frequency threshold above which a formation of bright solitons can be observed. We also performed numerical simulations to confirm our analytical results and we analyzed the space–time evolution of the soliton waves. A good agreement between analytical and numerical findings was obtained. An experimental prototype of the lossy NLTL, built at the discrete level, was used to validate our proposed model. The experimental shape of the envelope solitons is well fitted by the theoretical waveforms, which take into account the amplitude damping due to the losses in commercially available varactors and inductors used in a prototype. Experimentally observed changes in soliton amplitude and half–maximum width during the propagation along lossy NLTL are in good accordance with the proposed model defined by NLS equation with loss term